Archives: OjamboShop Pay Content

Exceptions can be thrown and caught. Surround code in a try block. If an exception is thrown and its current function scope has no catch block, the exception will “bubble up” the call stack to the calling function until it finds a matching catch block. All finally blocks it encounters along the way will be executed.

Sample Code<?php
function divNumbers ($num1, $num2) {
	if ($num2 === 0) {
		throw new Exception("Division by zero invalid");
	}
	return ($num1/$num2);
}

try {
  $num = divNumbers(2, 0);
} catch (Exception $e) {
  echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
  $num = 0;
}
echo “\nNumber is {$num}”;
?>

Sample Code<?php
function checkNumbers ($num1, $num2) {
	if ($num1 !== $num2) {
		throw new Exception("Wrong answer!");
	}
	return ($num1);
}

try {
  $num = checkNumbers(2, 0);
} catch (Exception $e) {
  echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
  $num = 0;
}
echo “\nNumber is {$num}”;
?>

Sample Code<?php
function inverseNumbers ($num1) {
	if ( !$num1 ) {
		throw new Exception("Cannot divide by zero!");
	}
	return (1/$num1);
}

try {
  $num = inverseNumbers(0);
} catch (Exception $e) {
  echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
  $num = 0;
} finally {
	echo “Finally.”; // This will be always be executed
}
echo “\nNumber is {$num}”;
?>

A class can inherit constants, methods and properties of another class by using keyword extends.

Sample Code<?php
class ExtendClass extends SimpleClass
{
	// Redefine the parent method
	function displayVar()
	{
		echo "Extending class\n";
		parent::displayVar();
	}
}

$extended = new ExtendClass();
$extended->displayVar();
?>

An object is created by an executed constructor function of the class. The class defines how objects behave, providing initial values as member variables and implementations of behaviour via member functions. Use public and private modifiers to define if functions can be used outside the object.

Sample Code<?php
class SimpleClass
{
	// property declaration
	public $var = 'a default value';

	// method declaration
	public function displayVar() {
		echo $this->var;
	}
}
$instance = new SimpleClass();
// This can also be done with a variable:
$className = ‘SimpleClass’;
$instance = new $className(); // new SimpleClass()
?>

Sample Code<?php
class Foo
{
	public $bar;

	public function __construct() {
		$this->bar = function() {
			return 42;
		};
	}
}
$obj = new Foo();
echo ($obj->bar)(), PHP_EOL;
?>

A function is a unit of code that represents a sequence of statements. Functions can accept arguments or values and return a single value (or not).

Sample Code<?php
/* Function That Returns Age Based On Provided Birth Year
	The return type is string.
	The name of the function is myAge
	The number of arguments to the function is 1:
		The first argument is of type int.
 */
function myAge(int $birthYear): string
{
    // calculate the age by subtracting the birth year from the current year.
    $yearsOld = date('Y') - $birthYear;

    // return the age in a descriptive string.
    return $yearsOld . ($yearsOld == 1 ? ' year' : ' years');
}

echo 'I am currently ' . myAge(1995) . ' old.';
?>

Checks if condition is true after executing a block of code in the loop. The block of code inside the loop will be executed at least once.

Sample Code<?php
$counter = 0;
do {
    $counter += 1;
    echo "Executing - counter is $counter.\n";
} while ($counter < 10);
?>

Sample Code<?php
$even_numbers = [2,4,6,8,10];
$counter = 0;
do {
	echo $even_numbers[$counter] . "\n";
	$counter +=1;
} while ($counter < count($even_numbers))
?>

While loop executes a set of statements as long as a condition is true. It requires relevant variables to be ready such as an indexing variable to iterate through a loop.

Sample Code<?php
$counter = 0;

while ($counter < 10) {
    $counter += 1;
    echo "Executing - counter is $counter.\n";
}
?>

Sample Code<?php
$even_numbers = [2,4,6,8,10];
$counter = 0;
while ($counter < count($even_numbers)) {
	echo $even_numbers[$counter] . "\n";
	$counter +=1;
}
?>

Foreach works only on arrays and objects iterating and providing a specific variable one at a time.

Sample Code<?php
$even_numbers = [2,4,6,8,10];
foreach ($even_numbers as $even_number) {
  echo $even_number . "\n";
}
?>

Sample Code<?php
$array2D = [["Ford","F-Series",1984],["GMC","C-Series",1986]];
foreach ($array2D as $key => $data) {
  echo $data . “\n”;
}
?>

The for loop is C-style in that it requires three parts, the initialization or loop variant, the condition and advancement to next iteration. It is used to iterate over data when referring to a changing index.

Sample Code<?php
$even_numbers = [2,4,6,8,10];
for ($i = 0; $i < count($even_numbers); $i=$i+1) {
    $even_number = $even_numbers[$i];
    echo $even_number . "\n";
}
?>

The initialization is the iterator variable $i which begins at zero.

The condition is evaluated in every loop and stops when the $i is larger than the length of the array.

The advancement to next iteration is the incrementalism of $i by one.