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Comparison operators compare two values which can be numbers or strings.

Table : Comparison Operators

Comparison Operators

Sample Codename1 = “John”
name2 = James”
print(name1 == name2) # Displays False
print(name1 == 10) # Displays False
num1 = 12
num2 = 22
print(num1 > num2) # Displays False
print(num1 == 10) # Displays False

variables have the same naming convention where the variable is defined. Therefore arithmetic types are scalar types. Arrays (list, tuple and range) are aggregate types.

Table : Assignment Operators

Assignment Operators

Sample Codenum1 = 5
num2 = 3
num_equ = num1
num_add += num2
num_equ = num1
num_sub -= num2
num_equ = num1
num_mul *= num2
num_equ = num1
num_div /= num2
num_equ = num1
num_mod %= num2
num_equ = num1
num_flo //= num2
print(num_add) # Displays 8
print(num_sub) # Displays 2
print(num_mul) # Displays 15
print(num_div) # Displays 1.66
print(num_mod) # Displays 2
print(num_exp) # Displays 125
print(num_flo) # Displays 1

The arithmetic operators perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, floor division and modulus operations.

Table : Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Sample Codenum1 = 5
num2 = 3
num_add = num1 + num2
num_sub = num1 – num2
num_mul = num1 * num2
num_div = num1 / num2
num_mod = num1 % num2
num_exp = num1 ** num2
num_flo = num1 // num2
print(num_add) # Displays 8
print(num_sub) # Displays 2
print(num_mul) # Displays 15
print(num_div) # Displays 1.66
print(num_mod) # Displays 2
print(num_exp) # Displays 125
print(num_flo) # Displays 1

An operator is defined to behave like a function but is restricted to specific operations on variables and values.

Some of the operators in Python are arithmetic, assignment, comparison, increment, decrement and logical.

Python strings are surrounded by either single or double quotation marks.

String literal can be displayed with the built-in print function.

Stings

Sample Codestr1 = “Hello World!”
str2 = ‘Hello World!’
print (str1, str2)

Quotes can be used inside a string only if they do not match the quotes surrounding the string.

Quotes Inside Strings

Sample Codestr1 = “It’s easy”
str2 = “Call me ‘Johnny'”
str3 = ‘Call me “Johnny”‘
print(str1, str2, str3)

Assign a multiline string to a variable using 3 quotes.

Multiline Strings

Sample Codestr1 = “””This is a double quoted
multiple line string
spanning 3 rows.”””
str1 = ”’This is a single quoted
multiple line string
spanning 3 rows.”’
print(str1, str2)

Return a part of the string using the slice syntax. To slice a string, specify the start index and end index separated by a colon. The first character has index 0.

Slicing

Sample Codestr1 = “Hello, World!”
print (str1[2:5]) # Prints from position 2 to position 5
print(str1[:5]) # Prints  from position 0 to position 5
print(str1[2:]) # Prints from position 2 to the end
print(str1[-5:-2]) # Prints from position -5 to position -2

Table : Common Functions For Manipulating Strings

Strings can be combined using string concatenation via the plus “+” symbol

Concatenate Strings

Sample Codestr1 = “Hello”
str2 = “World”
str3 = str1 + str2
str4 = str1 + ” ” + str2
print(str3) # Displays HelloWorld
print(str4) # Displays Hello World

Strings and numbers can be combined using F-strings.

F-Strings Format Strings

Sample Codeage = 24
name = “John”
combined = f”My name is {name}, and I am {age} years old”
print(combined) 

Strings can be escaped using the backslash character “\”.

Table : Escape Characters

Escape Characters

Sample Codestr1 = “My name is \”Johnny\” but you can call me \”John\”.”
print(str1)

Booleans represent only 2 values, True or False. Any expression can be evaluated to get one of the two answers, True of False. Empty and zero values will be evaluated as False.

Boolean Values

Sample Codename = “John”
num1 = 5
num2 = 3
print(bool(name)) # Prints True
print(bool(num1)) # Prints True
print(num1 > num2) # Prints True
print(num1 == num2) # Prints False
print(num1 < num2) # Prints False
print(False) # Prints False
print(bool(None)) # Prints False
print(bool(0)) # Prints False
print(bool(“”)) # Prints False
print(bool(())) # Prints False
print(bool([])) # Prints False
print({}) # Prints False

Python has 3 numeric types; int, float and complex.

An int is an integer or whole number that can be positive or negative.

Integer Numbers

Sample Codeint1 = 5
int2 = 3
int3 = -9
print(int1, int2, int3) # Prints 5 3 -9

A float of floating point number can be positive or negative, containing one or more decimals. Scientific numbers with the letter “e” can be used to indicate the power of 10.

Float Numbers

Sample Codefloat1 = 5.0
float2 = 3.0
float3 = -9.0
float4 = -27.1e10
print(float1, float2, float3, float4) # Prints 5.0 3.0 -9.0

Complex numbers are written with the letter “j” as the imaginary part.

Complex Numbers

Sample Codecomplex1 = 3+5j
complex2 = 5j
complex3 = -9j
print(complex1, complex2, complex3) # Prints (3+5j) 5j (-00-09j)

The str type is a sequence of characters inside double or single quotes.

The int type is a non-decimal whole number and can be either positive or negative.

The float type is for floating point numbers also called double with a decimal point.

The bool type can only be True or False.

Arrays are created using list and tuple or set types to store multiple values in a single variable.

NoneType has no assigned value.

You can get the data type of any object by using the built-in type function.

Data Type

Sample Codemy_string = “Hello world!”
print(my_String) # Prints Hello world!
print(type(my_string)) /# Prints str

Casting allows the variable type to be changed for the int, float and str data types.

Casting Integers

Sample Codeint1 = int(5) # Will be 5
int2 = int(3.0) # Will be 3
int3 = int(“9”) # Will be 9

Casting Floats

Sample Codefloat1 = float(5) # Will be 5.0
float2 = int(3.0) # Will be 3.0
float3 = int(“9.0”) # Will be 9.0

Casting Strings

Sample Codestr1 = str(“s5”) # Will be ‘s5’
str2 = str(“3”) # Will be ‘3’
str3 = str(“9.0”) # Will be ‘9.0’

A data type is a grouping of data values. Variables are created to store a data type. In Python, the assigning of a value will indicate the data type. PHP does not require a specific format in order to display the value.

Table : Data Types

Variables store information such as values or other variables.

Python variables do not need to be declared with any type and the type can be changed after been set.

Variables cannot start with a number because they must start with an underscore or letter. The second character can contain only alphanumeric characters or underscores.

Variable names are case-sensitive.

A variable name cannot be any of the Python keywords.

Variable Names

Sample Codename = ‘John’ #name is type str
age = 18 # age is type int
height = 5.3 # height is type float
myVarName = ‘Johnny’ # Camel Case is where each word, except the first, starts with a capital letter
MyVarName = ‘Johnny’ # Pascal Case is where each word starts with a capital letter
my_var_name = ‘Johnny’ # Snake Case is where each word is separated by an underscore
car = fruit = color = ‘red’ # Assign the same value to multiple variables on one line

Output Variables

Sample Code
print(name) # Outputs a single variable
print(name, age, height) # Outputs multiple variables, separated by a comma
print(name + myVarName + car) # Outputs multiple non numeric variables, separated by a plus symbol